Archive for June 2018

How does the DSM-5 provide individualized treatment?

How does the DSM-5 provide individualized treatment?



Answer: DSM provides criteria for diagnosing clients with mental illness and provides the criteria for diagnosing mental disorders. Individualized treatment follows the assessment as each person's status falls on a specific place in terms of the axes.

What are the stages of alcohol withdrawal?

What are the stages of alcohol withdrawal?



Minor withdrawal: Appears 6-12 hours after last drink; N&V, tachycardia, hypertension

Intermediate withdrawal: Appears 12-72 hours after last drink; added symptoms of seizures, dysrhythmia & hallucinations

Major withdrawal: Appears 5-6 days after severe untreated withdrawal; Added symptoms of severe agitation, fever & changes in LOC

How do positive and negative symptoms differ?

How do positive and negative symptoms differ?



Positive: (Add on) Delusions and hallucinations
Negative: (Not always bad) flat affect, reduced self care, difficulty with speech

What are the different phases of schizophrenia?

What are the different phases of schizophrenia?



Acute illness period: prodromal symptoms

Stabilization period: symptoms become less acute but still present

Maintenance and recovery period: condition is stabilized and focus is on regaining previous level of function

Relapse period

Common side effects of SSRI?

Common side effects of SSRI?



Answer: Sexual distinction and anorgasmia

What is a TCA vs MAOI vs SSRI?

What is a TCA vs MAOI vs SSRI?



Answer:

TCAs have multiple effects an a variety of receptors in the CNS
MAOI are more specific
SSRI are more selective for serotonin

What is kindling?

What is kindling?



Answer: Emergence of spontaneous firing of nerve cells in response to repeated subthreshold electrical stimulation

What is an acute extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS)?

What is an acute extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS)?



Answer: It's a group of syndrome that occur in 90% of all patients receiving typical antipsychotic medication. These syndromes include dystonia, parkinsonism, and akathisia

How do typical and atypical antipsychotics differ?

How do typical and atypical antipsychotics differ?




Typical antipsychotics are the older medications that have greater risk for neurological side effects.

Atypical antipsychotics are newer medications that have fewer adverse neurological effects.

What is milieu therapy?

What is milieu therapy?



Answer: Therapeutic environment that provides and stable and coherent social organization to facilitate and individual's treatment.

Provide an example of an intervention at each level of prevention related to culture and literacy.

Provide an example of an intervention at each level of prevention related to culture and literacy.



Answer:

Primary prevention - CHNs determine that the health information on immunization requirements is culturally appropriate and is at an appropriate health literacy level for each client.

Secondary prevention - CHNs screen clients to determine literacy level so that programs are developed and provided at the appropriate health literacy level.

Tertiary prevention - CHNs, through intersectoral partnerships, establish literacy community programs and services to meet the needs of clients requiring culturally appropriate teaching about health during cardiac rehabilitation.

What special health care considerations do community health nurses need to be aware of with regard to migrant workers?

What special health care considerations do community health nurses need to be aware of with regard to migrant workers?



Answer: Migrant workers often have high occupational mobility and may seek health care only when they are too ill to work. It is important for a community health nurse to teach these clients about disease prevention, health maintenance, health protection, and health promotion activities before the client moves.

What do community health nurses need to know when completing a cultural assessment?

What do community health nurses need to know when completing a cultural assessment?



Answer: Population demographic changes in their practice area; general information about the various cultural groups; how and when to use focused assessment; how to use an interpreter; and how to assess and consider the social, political, and economic factors in the community.

Nurses develop cultural competence in many ways, but mainly in which one of the following ways?

Nurses develop cultural competence in many ways, but mainly in which one of the following ways?



A. By working with clients who are culturally similar to themselves
B. By being afraid to make mistakes when confronted with situations that are different
C. By refusing to acknowledge cultural differences when conducting a cultural assessment
D. By learning from clients as they express their experiences and problem-solving strategies


Answer: D

Cultural competence is being stressed in nursing programs for which one of the following reasons?

Cultural competence is being stressed in nursing programs for which one of the following reasons?



A. Technological changes have made nursing more sophisticated.
B. Self-determination of clients is minimized, where cultural differences are considered.
C. Culture is a determinant of health that influences and is influenced by other determinants.
D. Cultural care is universal care, and all people need to be treated the same.


Answer: C

How is cultural competence demonstrated by a CHN in dealing with a Chinese population?

How is cultural competence demonstrated by a CHN in dealing with a Chinese population? (Select all that apply.)



A. The nurse provides educational materials in English and Chinese.
B. The nurse provides care while paying attention to individual beliefs about pain, touch, modesty, and eye contact.
C. The nurse delivers care while verbalizing all medical and nursing procedures being conducted.
D. The nurse provides care without regard for cost or outcomes because the public health department requires it.
E. The nurse provides care that acknowledges the differences in ways individuals respond to illness and treatment.


Answer: A, B, E

What is cultural competence?

What is cultural competence?



Answer: An ongoing process, whereby the health care professional respects, accepts, and applies knowledge and skill appropriate to the client interactions without allowing one's personal beliefs to influence the clients' differing views.

Understanding the effect of culture on behaviour is important to the community health nurse, because culture fits which of the following characteristics?

Understanding the effect of culture on behaviour is important to the community health nurse, because culture fits which of the following characteristics?




A. Culture is a blueprint for the behaviour of minority groups.
B. Culture is genetically transmitted to all individuals.
C. Culture is a learned process that is transmitted by the family, ethnic group, and society.
D. Culture determines the client's capacity to respond to a health problem.


Answer: C

What is involved in the process of community development?

What is involved in the process of community development?



Answer: Community development is a process whereby community members identify health concerns or issues affecting their community that require the development of capacity building skills to bring about a needed change

What are the 3 health promotion approaches/models, and how do they each view health and health promotion differently?

What are the 3 health promotion approaches/models, and how do they each view health and health promotion differently?



Answer:

Biomedical approach - focuses on the treatment and prevention of disease
Behavioural approach - focuses on using lifestyle changes, especially behavioural risk factors, to promote health.
Socioenvironmental approach - focuses on health as a resource and considers the psychosocial and environmental risk factors related to the determinants of health in relation to health and health promotion.

What is the goal of harm reduction strategies?

What is the goal of harm reduction strategies?



Answer: Harm reduction strategies focus on the eventual goal of abstinence as opposed to abstinence as a prerequisite for program participation.

List 4 strategies by which this government body safeguards the population's health?

List 4 strategies by which this government body safeguards the population's health?



Answer: Health Canada safeguards the population's health through surveillance, prevention, legislation, and research in areas such as environmental health, disease outbreaks, drug products, and food safety.

The Alma-Ata conference in 1978 acknowledged that more had to be done to improve health than just funding health services such as hospitals. The focus of this conference was on which one of the following areas?

The Alma-Ata conference in 1978 acknowledged that more had to be done to improve health than just funding health services such as hospitals. The focus of this conference was on which one of the following areas?




A. Public health
B. Primary health care
C. Health promotion
D. Primary care


Answer: B

Advocacy helps individuals, families, groups, and the community to be aware of the issues that are affecting their health. Which of the following actions would indicate Ms. Tarsier was being an advocate for the community?

Advocacy helps individuals, families, groups, and the community to be aware of the issues that are affecting their health. Which of the following actions would indicate Ms. Tarsier was being an advocate for the community?




A. Collecting injury statistics
B. Screening for health issues
C. Critically appraising research
D. Presentations to community leaders


Answer: D

What is the difference between ethical issues and ethical dilemmas?

What is the difference between ethical issues and ethical dilemmas?



Answer:

Ethical issues are moral challenges facing the nursing profession.

Ethical dilemmas are puzzling moral problems in which a person, group, or community can envision morally justified reasons for both taking and not taking a certain course of action

Sound ethical judgements fall into which category?

Sound ethical judgements fall into which category?




A. They are backed by certainty of scientific evidence.
B. They are always based on outcomes or consequences.
C. They can be morally justified.
D. They depend on the application of abstract principles.


Answer: C

Which of the following ethical theories are most appropriate to consider in dealing with the rural community?

Which of the following ethical theories are most appropriate to consider in dealing with the rural community? (Select two that apply.)




A. Distributive justice and the allocation of benefits and burdens to members of society
B. Beneficence as the obligation to perform those actions that maintain or enhance the dignity of other persons
C. Autonomy, which requires that individuals be permitted to choose those actions and goals that fulfill their life plans unless those choices result in harm to another
D. Virtue ethics, which enables persons to flourish as human beings


Answer: A, B

The goal of an ethical judgement in a situation in the community is to choose an action that fulfills which of the following goals?

The goal of an ethical judgement in a situation in the community is to choose an action that fulfills which of the following goals?




A. It does the most good for the most people.
B. It is good or right for me and my friends.
C. It makes the most economical use of community funds.
D. It has a strong certainty of scientific judgement.

Answer: A

Identify factors that comprise the community milieu.

Identify factors that comprise the community milieu.



Answer:

- Expertise available in the community
- Urban or rural setting; environment (social and physical)
- Resource availability
- Resource accessibility.

What is the underlying principle of evidence-informed practice?

What is the underlying principle of evidence-informed practice?



Answer: The underlying principle of evidence-informed practice is that high-quality care is based on evidence rather than on tradition or intuition.

What are the barriers to health care in rural areas?

What are the barriers to health care in rural areas?



- Need to travel great distances to obtain services
- Lack of personal transportation
- Unavailable public transportation
- Lack of telephone services
- Unavailable outreach services
- Unpredictable weather and travel conditions
- Lack of know-how to procure entitlements and services
- Poor provider attitudes and understanding about rural populations
- Language barriers (caregivers not linguistically competent)
- Lack of culturally appropriate care and services

What are the 4 subspecialties of forensic nursing?

What are the 4 subspecialties of forensic nursing?



Answer:

- Forensic psychiatric nurses
- Forensic correctional nurses
- Forensic nurse examiners
- Death investigators working with medical examiners

Describe at least six roles of public health nurses.

Describe at least six roles of public health nurses.



- Advocate
- case manager
- referral resource
- assessor
- role model
- educator
- primary caregiver
- outreach worker
- disaster responder

What is the difference between metastatic and dystrophic calcification?

What is the difference between metastatic and dystrophic calcification?




Answer:

Metastatic calcification: Deposition of calcium in Normal tissue due to hyperglycaemic state. E.g. in normal conjunctiva.
Dystrophic calcification: Deposition of calcium in hyalinised or necrotic tissue in a normocalcemic state. E.g. calcified TB in lungs, phthisis bulbi

What is seen microscopically in posterior polymorphous dystrophy (endothelial)?

What is seen microscopically in posterior polymorphous dystrophy (endothelial)?



Answer: The posterior surface of the cornea is lined with cells that resemble epithelial cells, with intracytoplasmic filaments and desmosomal attachments. There is an abnormal collagen layer on the posterior surface of the original Descemet's membrane.

Describe 3 conditions with which iridocorneal endothelial syndrome is associated.

Describe 3 conditions with which iridocorneal endothelial syndrome is associated.



Answer:

1) Essential iris atrophy (progressive iris stromal atrophy)
2) Chandler syndrome: Glaucoma due to endothelial sliding over TM, normal iris.
3) Iris naevus syndrome : Occurring with iris naevus.

What is CHED?

What is CHED?



Answer: Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Characterised by abnormal endothelium with lamination of DM from deposition of abnormal collagen.

What is seen histologically in granular corneal dystrophy?

What is seen histologically in granular corneal dystrophy?



Answer: Non-birefringent hyaline bodies with positive staining for a keratinoid substance - found in Bowman's layer and anterior-mid stroma. Endothelium and DM not involved.

Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)